The book is primarily designed to be used as a standard reference book in teacher training colleges. It is essentially 'student centered' and 'examination oriented'. All possible efforts have been made to meet fully the needs of the students preparing for B.Ed., M.Ed., B.A. & M.A.(Edn.) examinations of various universities in India. It will be equally useful in the Middle-East and South-East Asian countries by virtue of its authoritative coverage of the students. Text book is suitably supplemented by diagrams, figures and tables, etc. On of its practical approach, the book will be very useful for in-service programmes of various categories of personnel engaged in education.